1.
Define the term variable and constant.
Variable:
A
variable is a data name that is used to store a value. A variable may
take different values at different times. A variable can be chosen by
the programmer in a meaningful way. So as to reflect its function or
nature in the program.
Eg:
city
college
a1
Total_mark
Name Avg
Constant:
A
constant is a value that does not change during the program
execution. A constant used in C does not occupy memory.
2.
What is an expression in C language?
Expression
is defined as a combination of operand and operator to obtain some
computation. Operands represent variable or values and the operator
tells what operation is to be performed.
3.
Specify the use of printf( ) and scanf( ) functions.
v
The
function scanf() is used for formatted input from the standard input
and provides many of the conversion facilities.
v
It
is used for formatted output to standard output device,( screen) .
The format specification contains string and the data to be output,
as the arguments(parameter) to the printf() function.
4.
What is an unary operator? Give example.
The
operators that act upon a single operand to produce a new value is
known as unary operator.
Eg:
minus operator(-) ,Increment operator (++)
5.
What are formal arguments?
The
formal parameters are used to collect values or address from the
calling function to a function being called.
6.
Define the term recursion.
A
function may call another function. When a function calls itself, it
is referred to as recursive call the process is known as recursion. C
provides very good facilities for recursion.
7.
What are automatic variable?
Variables
that used as a local variable inside any function. This is the
default one. Initial value of variable is garbage value without
initialization.
8.
What are bitwise operators?
The
bitwise operator performs the operation on bits (i.e, bit by bit).
Using the bitwise operators we can set/ reset/ check any bit in the
value of the variable.
9.
Define the term pointer data type.
A
pointer is a variable that represent the location (rather than the
value) of a data item, such as a variable or an array element. It is
a variable that holds a memory address. This address is the location
of another variable or an array element in memory.
10.
What are keywords? Give example.
Keywords
have fixed meaning and these meaning cannot be changed. These
keywords can be used only for their intended purpose, they cannot be
used as programmer-defined identifiers.
The
following are examples of few keywords are predefined by C
auto
double int
struct
break
else
if switch
case
enum do
while
11.
What is meant by declaration?
v
Declaration
is to represent a variable
v
Only
variable name and its data type is represented in declaration.
12.
Specify the syntax used for ‘for’ statement.
The
for loop is entry controlled loop the provides a more concise loop
control structure. The general format of the loop is
|
for(intilialization;test-condition;increment/decrement)
{
Body
of the loop;
}
|
13.
Mention the use of ‘break’ and ‘continue’ statements.
v
The
break statement is used to terminate the loop containing it.
v
The
continue statement does not terminate the entire loop but is used to
terminate the current iteration of the loop.
14.
What are function prototypes?
A
function declaration is also called as function prototype consists of
four parts.
·
Function
type(return type)
·
Function
name
·
Parameter
list
·
Terminating
semicolon.
15.
What are library functions?
The
function that are predefined and supplied along with the compiler are
known as built in functions. They are also known as library function.
16.
Specify the role of static variables.
v
If
you declare within a function, It retains the value between function
call.
v
If
it is declare a for a function name. It will be visible from other
files if the function declaration is as static.
v
Static
are global variables. By default we can use the global variables from
outside files if it is static global.
17.
What is a string?
A
string is a sequence of characters ending with NULL. It can be
treated as a one-dimensional array of character terminated by a NULL
character.
18.
How to declare multidimensional array?
Two
dimensional array follows row major order storage representation. The
elements are stored in row by row in the subsequent memory locations.
19.
What is recursive function? Give an example.
Recursive
function is a function which contains a call to itself.
Eg:
int
factorial(int n)
{
if(n==0)
return(1);
else
return(n*factorial(n-1));
}
20.
Define an array.
v
Array
is the collection of elements.
v
Collection
of the elements of the same data type.
v
All
elements are stored in the contiguous memory locations.
21.
List any four bitwise operators.
|
Operator
|
Meaning
|
|
&
|
<<
>>
|
Bitwise
AND
Bitwise
OR
Shift
left
Shift
right
|
21.
What are Relational Operator in C?
The
relational operators are used to compare arithmetic, logical and
character expressions. We often compare two similar quantities and
depending on their relation, take some decisions. Each of these
operator compares their left hand side with their right hand side.
The whole expression involving the relational operator then evaluates
to an integer. It evaluates to zero if the condition is false, and
one if it is true
|
Operator
|
Meaning
|
|
<
|
Less
than
|
|
>
|
Greater
than
|
|
<=
|
Less
than or equal to
|
|
>=
|
Greater
than or equal to
|
|
==
|
Equal
to
|
|
!=
|
Not
equal to
|
22.
What is the purpose of conditional operator?
The
conditional operator consists of two symbols the question mark (?)
and the colon (:). The conditional expression of the form
variable
= exp1?exp2:exp3;
conditional
expression
where
exp1 is test expression, exp2 is expression or constant or variable,
exp3 is expression or constant or variable.
23.
Write the advantages of pointer.
Pointer
is used in the following cases.
·
It
is used to access array elements.
·
It
is used for dynamic memory allocation.
·
It
is used in call by reference.
·
It
is used in data structure like trees, graph, etc.
24.
What is character set?
The
C Character set consists of upper and lower case alphabets, digits,
special character and white spaces. The alphabet and digits are
together called the alphanumeric characters.
·
Alphabets:
A,B,C,D,E………………………X,Y,Z
a,b,c,d,e………………………..x,y,z
·
Digits:
0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9
·
Special
Character
+
*& ^ % $ # @ ! ~ ` -- = > < .\ , : ;
25.
What are logical operators?
A
logical operator is used to compare or evaluate logical and
relational expressions. There three logical in C language. They are
|
Operator
|
Meaning
|
|
&&
|
AND
|
|
||
|
OR
|
|
!
|
NOT
|
26.
Write a note on scanf() function.
The
scanf() function can be used to enter any combination of data, like
single character, string, integer and float values. The general
format of the scanf() function is
|
scanf(“format
specifier “, arg1, arg2……………..argn);
|
where
format specifier string contains certain required formatting
information, and avg1, avg2….avgn are arguments that represent the
individual input data item.
27.
What are function?
A
function is a set of statement to perform a specific task.
28.
Define actual parameters.
Actual
parameters are used for passing values or address from the calling
function to a function being called.
29.
Write the general form of structure of C functions.
A
C program basically has the following form
o
pre-processor
commands
o
type
definitions
o
function
prototype
o
variable
declaration
o
function
body
30.
Give the syntax of if-else statement.
The
if-else statement performs one of the two possible actions. The
general format is
|
if(test
expression)
{
true-statement
block;
}
else
{
false-statement
block;
}
next
statement.
|
31.
What is an identifier?
Identifier
are names that are given to various program elements such as
variables, functions and arrays. Identifier consist of letters and
digits, in any order, except that the first character must be a
letter. Both upper and lower case letters are permitted though common
usage favours the use of lower letters. The underscore is treated as
a letter.
32.
What is an escape sequence?
Some
combination of characters have the special functions such as \n, \t
and \b. They are called as escape sequence.
33.
What is the purpose of getchar() function?
It
returns a character just entered from the standard input unit that is
keyboard. The entered character can be either assigned to a character
variable or enclosed to the computer screen.
34.
What is a character constant?
A
character constant is a single character, enclosed within the pair of
single quotation mark. Example : ‘x’ , ‘5’
35.
What is purpose of comma operator?
A
set of expression separated by commas is a valid construct in the C
language. For example
int
i,j;
The
comma operator also used to link the related expression together. A
comma linked list of expression are evaluated left to right and the
value of right-most expression is the value of the combined
expressions.
36.
What is use of gets( ) function?
The
gets( ) function is used to accept a string.
37.
How to declare pointer variable?
A
pointer declaration consists of a base type, an *, and the variable
name. The general form for declaring a pointer variable is
data_type
*var_name;
For
example
int
*p;
38.
List the four types of qualifiers.
·
short
·
long
·
signed
·
unsigned
39.
What is an operator?
In
C operator can be classified into various categories based on their
utility and action, a list operator types are given below
·
Arithmetic
operators
·
Relational
operators
·
Logical
operators
·
Assignment
operators
·
Increment
operators
·
Conditional
operators
·
Bitwise
operators
·
Comma
operators
·
Other
operators
40.
What are the advantages of functions?
v
It
reduces the complexity in a program by reducing the code.
v
Functions
are easily understandable and execution is faster.
v
It
also reduces the time to run a program.
v
It’s
easy to find-out the errors due to the blocks made as function
definition outside the main function.
41.
Write the syntax of while statement in C.
The
general format of the while statement is
|
while(test_condition)
{
Body
of the loop;
}
|
42.
What is symbolic constant (pre-processor constant)?
v
Names
given to value that cannot be changed.
v
Implemented
with the #define
program directive
#define
N 300
v
Note
that pre-processor statement begin with a # symbol, and semicolon
before the program is actually compiled.
v
In
general, pre-processor constant are written in ‘UPPER CASE’.
43.
What is a looping?
A
looping is a process to do a job repeatedly with possible different
data at each time. The statement executed each time constitute the
loop body, and each pass is called iteration. A condition must be
present to terminate the loop.
44.
What is string constant?
A
string constant is a sequence of character enclosed in double quotes.
The characters may be letters, numbers, special characters and blank
space.
Eg:
“Hello” ”1987” “WELL DONE” “?.....!” “5+3” “X”
45.
What is the purpose of putchar( ) function?
The
putchar( ) function display one character on the display monitor. The
character to be displayed is of type char. The syntax for putchar( )
function is as given below
putchar(variable);
46.
Write a note on do-while statement.
In
the do statement, the program proceeds to executes the body of the
loop first. At the end of the loop the test condition is evaluated.
If the condition is true, the program continues to execute the body
of the loop. This process continues as long as the condition is true.
47.
Define scope of variables.
Scope
refers to the visibility of variables of it is declared outside of
any function declaration, it is a global variable. If it is declared
inside of any function declaration, it is a local variable.
48.
Write the syntax for switch() statement.
|
switch(expression)
{
case
value-1:
Block-1;
Block-2;
………….
………….
default:
default
block;
break;
}
statement-x;
|
49.
What are register variable?
v
Variables
are used as a local variable.
v
May
be stored in register if possible.
v
Default
initial value is garbage value.
50.
Mention the two categories of function
·
Library
function
·
User
– Defined function
51.
What is a file?
A
file is a place on the disk where a group of related data is stored.
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